A Difference between Monoclonal Antibodies and Bispecific Antibodies

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have two binding sites that target two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. Bispecific Antibodies have clinical therapeutic effects that outperform monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), and they have broad applications in tumor immunotherapy and the treatment of other diseases. With advancements in antibody or protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, various platforms for generating multiple Bispecific Antibodies based on novel strategies for various applications have recently been established. More than 30 mature commercial technology platforms have been used to create and develop Bispecific Antibodies based on heavy chain heterologous recombination and light chain matching. 

The detailed mechanisms of clinical/therapeutic action of these various Bispecific Antibodies have been demonstrated. Three types of Bispecific Antibodies have been approved for use in the market, and more than 110 types of Bispecific Antibodies are in multiple stages of clinical trials. We expand on the classic platforms, mechanisms, and applications of Bispecific Antibodies in this paper. We hope that this review will spark new ideas for Bispecific Antibodies development and improve current clinical strategies.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are produced by identical B cells clones of the same parent cell. This means that monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity and recognize only the same antigen epitope.

Monoclonal antibodies, as opposed to bispecific antibodies, are produced ex vivo using tissue-culture techniques. The procedure begins with multiple injections of the desired antigen into an animal, usually a mouse. After the animal develops an immune response, B-lymphocytes are isolated from the spleen and fused with a myeloma cell line, resulting in immortalized B cell-myeloma hybridomas. The hybridomas, which can grow in culture indefinitely while producing antibodies, are then screened for the desired mAb.a

Advantages and Disadvantages of Monoclonal Antibodies

Advantages:

•       Batch-to-batch consistency (high homogeneity).
• Possibility of mass production of similar antibodies (a benefit for diagnostic manufacturing and therapeutic drug development).
• Low cross-reactivity reflects high specificity to a particular epitope.
• More sensitive in tests requiring protein quantitation.
• There is little background noise.

Disadvantages:

•       Producing it is more costly. It is essential to create a collection of monoclonal antibodies.
•        The hybridized clone requires more time to create and grow (+/- 6 months).
•           When tagged, it is more vulnerable to binding alterations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bispecific Antibodies

Advantages

• ·         Bispecific antibodies outperform monoclonal therapeutics in terms of binding avidity to targets, which can interact with more than one surface antigen; increased cytotoxicity due to direct recruitment of effector cells to the site of the disease; and less resistance to development in tumorigenic conditions and infections due to the matched targeting of two different antigens.
• ·         They are synthetic chemicals that must be produced using biochemical, molecular, or genetic processes.
• ·         The area of bispecific antibodies has been transformed by the deployment of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering, with up to 23 platforms being accessible to manufacture 62 bispecific antibodies.

Disadvantages

• ·         Hetero-dimerization of chains may render the molecule inefficient; early approaches produced poor yields.
• ·         Inhibition of engagement sites by the steric
• ·         Syndrome of antigenic cytokine release
• ·         Small chemicals may be removed quickly; more extensive compounds may accumulate; possible immunogenicity.

 

Polyclonal antibodies are created by combining many types of immune cells. They will have an affinity for the same antigen but various epitopes, while monoclonal antibodies are produced using identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell.

Monoclonal antibodies are a superior answer for applications such as therapeutic drug development that need vast quantities of identical antibodies specific to a single epitope. However, for general research purposes, the benefits of polyclonal antibodies often surpass the minor benefits of monoclonal antibodies.