Biological Control Methods for Nematode Suppression in Crops

Global crop output is threatened seriously by the plant-parasitic nematodes, that harm crops severely universally. Since Chemical nematodes are restricted increasingly because of environmental issues, biological nematode management methods have become viable options for this nematode management. These techniques balance agricultural systems ecologically by suppressing nematode populations through natural enemies and creatures.

Natural enemies and organisms that are antagonistic

One of the best biological control methods for managing nematodes is the employment of natural enemies. Plant-parasitic nematodes are actively trapped and parasitized in the soil by nematophagous fungi, including Arthrobotrys oligospora and Pochonia chlamydosporia. These fungi create specialized structures like constricting rings and adhesive nets to catch nematodes. Nematode eggs and juveniles are penetrated by poisons and enzymes produced by certain species, drastically lowering their numbers. By parasitizing nematodes and producing poisonous compounds that prevent them from moving or reproducing, beneficial bacteria such as Pasteuria penetrans and Bacillus species also play essential roles in nematode suppression.

Natural Supplements and Green Manures

Incorporating organic amendments into this soil is the successful biological management technique for controlling nematodes. To enhance this specific amount of organic matter in this soil and encourage this activity of beneficial microorganisms, farmers can utilize multiple organic resources, including compost, animal manure and crop waste. While promoting natural enemy populations, these modifications make conditions unsuitable for plant-parasitic nematodes. When added to the soil, the chemicals in green manures—especially those made from crops in the Brassicaceae family—turn into nematicidal substances. While enhancing soil health, these biofumigant qualities offer extra defence against nematode infestations.

Beneficial Nematodes as Agents of Biocontrol

Another biological control method for plant-parasitic nematodes is the use of entomopathogenic nematodes. In the soil ecology, species like Heterorhabditis and Steinernema can compete with dangerous nematodes for resources and space. Additionally, these helpful nematodes harbour symbiotic bacteria that generate harmful substances to plant-parasitic organisms. When used appropriately, entomopathogenic nematodes can become established in the soil and inhibit hazardous nematode populations over an extended period.

Organizations of Mycorrhizal Fungi

Another biological control method for managing nematodes is the development of mycorrhizal relationships between fungus and plant roots. By developing symbiotic associations with plant roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce chemical and physical barriers that prevent nematode penetration. These fungi improve plant vigour and resistance to nematode damage by increasing nutrient uptake and water absorption. Mycorrhizal networks in the soil also support other beneficial species that aid in nematode suppression.

Conclusion

Through various processes, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) provide an indirect method of managing nematodes. These advantageous bacteria strengthen defence mechanisms against nematode invasion by colonizing plant roots. They create substances that boost plant development and enhance general plant health, increasing crops' resistance to nematode attack. Additionally, several PGPR species emit chemicals that hinder nematodes' capacity to locate hosts and lower their reproduction rates in the root zone.