Lessons from Australia's nbn rollout

Australia’s national broadband network (nbn) was launched in 2009 with the ambitious goal of providing high-speed internet access nationwide. However, more than 15 years later, the project is still struggling with delays, cost blowouts and political interference. 

Australia also lags behind many other developed nations in internet speeds and reliability. According to Speedtest.net, we are 81st in the world for fixed broadband speeds. (For context, our near neighbour New Zealand is 31st.)

As other countries develop or refine their broadband strategies, I think Australia's bungled rollout offers important lessons on how to build an effective and future-proof network.

A clear and stable long-term strategy

I think the most important lesson you could take from our nbn implementation is the importance of a clear, long-term strategy that remains stable despite political changes. The original plan aimed to provide fibre-to-the-premises (FTTP) connections to 93% of homes and businesses by 2020, with the remainder covered by fixed wireless and satellite services. 

However, a change in government in 2013 led to a shift towards a multi-technology mix, which relied on existing, and not particularly good, copper infrastructure. This decision compromised speeds and reliability, and created a fragmented network that we’re still trying to fix today.

Countries planning broadband rollouts should commit to future-proof technology, such as full-fibre connections, and avoid frequent changes in policy. Long-term planning – and sticking to the plan – means a more efficient use of resources and prevents pricey and unhelpful  reversals.

Minimal political influence

Political interference has had a significant impact on Australia's nbn rollout, something that was confirmed with recent research. The shift to a multi-technology mix was driven by political priorities rather than technical considerations, leading to uneven service quality and higher costs. 

This is a clear example of the risks of allowing short-term political agendas to dictate major infrastructure projects.

To avoid similar issues, broadband projects – perhaps any major infrastructure projects – should be managed by independent bodies. These bodies should make decisions based on technical and economic factors rather than political influence. 

Long-term planning should prioritise national benefits over electoral cycles, which unfortunately is often not the case here in Australia.

Financial transparency and accountability

The nbn was initially given an A$29 billion price tag, but the final cost has exceeded A$51 billion. The Labour government has now promised another A$3 billion to ‘finish’ the rollout if reelected. Delays, changes in technology and inefficiencies have contributed to the cost increases, which have been borne by the NBN Co, as well as taxpayer funds.

I think we can all agree that governments should enforce transparent budgeting and cost assessments from the outset. Independent oversight bodies can help ensure that spending remains efficient and that any changes in project scope or technology are well justified. Regular public reporting, something the NBN Co has been criticised for not doing, can also improve trust and accountability.

Digital equity

Australia's nbn rollout has highlighted disparities in digital access. Some urban areas received high-speed fibre early on, while many regional and remote communities were left with slower and less reliable technology. Some of these areas are still struggling with sub-par internet in 2025. 

Political decisions on rollout priorities have exacerbated the digital divide – something that’s becoming a big issue here in Australia.

For businesses and households in metropolitan areas like Melbourne, finding a reliable NBN provider that offers high-speed plans without congestion is vital. Providers such as Swoop offer fast, stable broadband solutions that help bridge the gap in service quality between urban and regional areas.

The process of designing broadband infrastructure should ensure that rollout plans are clear and equitable. Rural and underserved areas must receive the same quality of service as urban centres. 

Investing in high-quality, future-proof technology across all regions is crucial to achieving long-term digital inclusion.

Preparing for emerging technologies

Australia has continued to invest in upgrading the nbn, with a recent commitment of up to A$3 billion to expand fibre access. However, the rollout has struggled to keep pace with emerging technologies, such as satellite broadband services like Starlink.

A lesson we could learn from Australia’s botched rollout is that those planning broadband networks should consider how evolving technologies might impact demand and competition. While fibre remains the gold standard for fixed broadband, satellite and wireless options provide viable alternatives for remote areas. Integrating future technologies into national broadband strategies can ensure broader and more adaptable coverage.

Effective regulation

We can also consider the ownership and regulation of broadband infrastructure. Australia’s nbn remains government-owned, but financial struggles – including a net loss of A$1.4 billion in 2022-23 – have led to debates over potential privatisation.

However, there is a debate over whether broadband networks should remain publicly owned, be privatised or adopt a hybrid model. I personally believe that such essential infrastructure should remain in the hands of government. 

Regardless of ownership, strong regulatory oversight is essential to ensure fair pricing, competition and service quality. I think  an independent regulator could help maintain balance in the market.

A resilient broadband network

Australia's experience with a national broadband network demonstrates the risks of short-term decision-making in broadband infrastructure. Our frequent policy changes, reliance on outdated technology and lack of transparency have led to inefficiencies and frustration.

By prioritising future-proof technology, maintaining political neutrality, ensuring financial transparency and committing to equitable service delivery, other countries can avoid similar pitfalls. Learning from Australia's nbn challenges can help governments build resilient, high-speed broadband networks that support economic growth, social inclusion and digital innovation for years to come.

Key takeaways

• A clear long-term strategy is essential for successful broadband implementation, avoiding political interference and ensuring efficiency.
• Financial transparency and accountability are crucial, with independent oversight needed to manage costs and improve public trust.
• Addressing digital equity and preparing for emerging technologies are vital for ensuring all regions receive high-quality service and adapting to future demands.